Armstrong, T. (1995). The myth of the A.D.D. child. 50 ways to improve your child’s behavior and attention span without drugs, labels, or coercion. New York: Dutton
Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control.New York: The Guildford Press.
Barkley, R. A (1999) ADHD, Ritalin, and conspiracies: Talking back to Peter Breggin (on line) ttp://www.chadd.org
Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment.New York: The Guildford Press.
Baughman, F. A. (1999). Ritalin for infants & toddlers c/o Uncle Sam. On line article http://home.att.net/~Fred-Alden/Es12.html.
Boyce, N. (1999). The thin line. Just what is the link between hyperactivity drugs and cocaine use? New Scientist 163:2198. August 7, 1999.
Brody, J. E. (1999). Diet change may avert need for Ritalin. New York Times. November 2, 1999.
CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) (1999a) New study marks turning point in the treatment of AD/HD. [on line} http://www.chadd.org
CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). (1999b) Fact Sheet 4. Controversial treatments for children with attention deficit disorder. [on line] http://www.chadd.org
CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder). (1999c) Fact Sheet 1. An overview of ADHD. (on line) http://www.chadd.org
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CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) (1998) CHADD “talks back” to Peter Breggin. (on line) http://www.chadd.org
Coyle, J. T. (2000). Psychotropic drug use in very young children. Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (8) February 23, 2000, pp. 1059-1060.
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Gladwell, M. (1999) Running from Ritalin. The New Yorker 74: 46. February 15, 1999.
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Groopman, J. (2000). The doubting disease. When is obsession a sickness? The New Yorker, April 10, 2000.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
(Related reading)
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American Psychological Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
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Appendix No 1
DSM-IV CRITERIA FOR ADHD
A. Either (1) or (2):
(1) six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least six months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:
Inattention
(a) often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
(b) often has difficulty with sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
(c) often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
(d) often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)
(e) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities
(f) often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework)
(g) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools)
(h) is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
(i) is often forgetful in daily activities
(2) six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:
Hyperactivity
(a) often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
(b) often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected
(c) often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)
(d) often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly
(e) is often “on the go” or often acts as if “driven by a motor”
(f) often talks excessively
Impulsivity
(g) often blurts out answers before the questions have been completed
(h) often has difficulty awaiting turn
(i) often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games)
B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years.
C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings (e.g., at school [or work] and at home).
D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Disorder, or a Personality Disorder).
Code based on type:
314.01 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type: if both Criteria A1 and A2 are met for the past 6 months
314.00 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type: if Criterion A1 is met but Criterion A2 is not met for the past 6 months.
314.01 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Hyperactive- Impulsive Type: if Criterion A2 is met but Criterion A1 is not met for the past 6 months.
Coding note: For individuals (especially adolescents and adults) who currently have symptoms that no longer meet full criteria, “In Partial Remission” should be specified.
From American Psychiatric Association (1994, pp. 83-84). Copyright 1994 by the American Psychiatric Association.
Appendix No. 2
From: Diet, ADHD Behavior. A Quarter-Century Review
Center for Science in the Public Interest
Pp. 25-26
Children and Adults with AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD)
CHADD, the largest self-help group concerned with ADHD and one that assists a great many families, dismisses any role of food additives:
Dietary intervention has long been claimed to be a useful treatment for an array of children’s learning, behavior, and attention problems. Advocates claim that removing food additives, such as preservatives and colorings, from the diet will improve most or all of a child’s learning and attention problems. Numerous studies have debunked the notion of an additive-free diet as a treatment for ADD. (1)
CHADD has been a vigorous proponent of drug treatment for ADHD. To make methylphenidate less expensive and more available, the group petitioned the DEA to reclassify it as a less risky controlled substance.(2) CHADD has been criticized for failing to disclose a conflict of interest that might have influenced its advice on treatments. About 20 percent of the organization’s budget in some years reportedly was underwritten by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis), the maker of Ritalin.(3) CHADD was reported to have received from drug companies more than $1 million in grants and services. The DEA charged, “The relationship between Ciba-Geigy and CHADD raises serious concerns about CHADD’s motive in proselytizing the use of Ritalin.(4) CHADD in a recent year received about $30,000 from Novartis and ten percent of its income overall from the drug industry.(5)
1) Children and Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. “Fact sheet 4: Controversial Treatments for Children with Attention Deficit Disorder.”
2) Thomas K. “Ritalin maker’s ties to advocates probed.” USA Today, November 16, 1995, p. 14D.
3) “ADD - a Dubious Diagnosis?” PBS and the Merrow Report. [citedDec. 20, 1995]
4) DEA, “Methylphenidate (a background paper),” October 1995, p.4.
5) Pers. Comm., John Heavener, CHADD, May 27, 1999.
Appendix No. 3
The Center for Science in the Public Interest
From the web site:
The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) is a nonprofit education and advocacy organization that focuses on improving the safety and nutritional quality of our food supply and on reducing the carnage caused by alcoholic beverages. CSPI seeks to promote health through educating the public about nutrition and alcohol; it represents citizens’ interests before legislative, regulatory, and judicial bodies; and it works to ensure that advances in science are used for the public’s good.
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CSPI is supported by nearly 1,000,000 member-subscribers to its
Nutrition Action Healthletter and through foundation grants and sales of educational materials.
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For more information contact CSPI at 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC20009
phone (202) 332-9110, fax (202) 265-4954
e-mail cspi@cspinet.org. Contact Nutrition Action Customer Service.
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